Since 1854, Omaha has had countless firsts, including the first residents in the city (William and Racheal Snowden in 1854), the first boulevard in the city (Florence Boulevard in 1892), and the first roller coaster in the city (Trans-Mississippi Expo in 1898). This is a biography of Comfort Baker, the first African American woman to graduate from high school in Omaha.

Comfort Elizabeth Baker, born on February 15, 1869, in New Bern, North Carolina, became a star of Omaha history as a teenager. Before then her life was tragic. Her father died when she was very young. The1880 Census found Comfort at age 12 living in Raleigh with her mother, Catharine Baker (1840-1881), and an older brother, P.S. Baker, then 19. This record captures the family shortly before the death of her mother left Comfort an orphan at age 13, forcing her move to Omaha. She was left an orphan and came to Omaha to live with her aunt and uncle, Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Hendricks, who had lived in the city for three years.

By 1885 she was in the 8th grade at the Central Grade School at 22nd and Dodge Streets. That year she was noticed by the Omaha Daily Herald for never missing a day of school in all the time she went there. However, after going to school through school that year her uncle died, and “a mental affliction on the part of her aunt” left Comfort homeless.

Stranded in Omaha

In order to start studies at Omaha High School the next year, Comfort worked as a “domestic” for the family of Colonel Watson B. Smith (1837-1881) and his wife Fannie (1844-1932) doing menial housework early and late out of school hours to pay for her education.

During these years, the young Miss Baker was a writer for Thomas Mahammitt’s The Enterprise newspaper, a Black newspaper that ran in Omaha for some time, and in 1887 she volunteered as the “corresponding secretary” for a new St. Phillips Episcopal Church guild led by Cyrus D. Bell, a noted African American leader in Omaha, in support of the Rev. John Albert Williams, a civil rights leader in the city. After quitting the Smith household in April 1889, she stayed with Black families in Omaha in order to focus on her studies and “secure the highest honors possible.”

Despite the grueling schedule of a domestic, Comfort’s character left an impression on the city. In a feature about her, a reporter for the Omaha Daily World noted that her “manners and conversation indicate culture, grace, intelligence, and refinement.”

In 1889, Miss Baker became the first African American female to graduate from Omaha High School. A short feature in the Omaha Daily World on June 27, 1889, highlighted her struggles and successes towards graduation. In a large ceremony for all 50 graduates held at the Grand Opera House downtown, she graduated with honors. During the event, Miss Baker was one of three speakers. She read an original essay called “One More Plea for the Negro,” and afterwards the school newspaper reported, “Her strong voice and clear articulation enabled her to be heard from all parts of the house. She was interrupted again and again by storms of applause.” Awaiting her honors was a cold announcement by the newspaper though, which announced, “She has secured her education without means and passes into the wide and unsympathetic world without a dollar to her name.”

Entering Adulthood

Circumstances forced Comfort to grow up fast, but it’s clear that as she became an adult she was determined to start her career.

With plans to go to a normal school in Tennessee, Miss Baker wanted to become a teacher. Faced with her economic hardship though, she needed support. In September 1889, the Daily World gladly announced, “Miss Comfort Baker, the colored graduate, will go to some school in the east or south and will be assisted for her search by a wealthy lady of Omaha.” Miss Belle H. Smith, a math teacher at Omaha High School, paid for Miss Baker’s way to attend Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. Also in September 1889, the Omaha Bee said “Miss Comfort Baker, who graduated in the 1889 high school class, has entered Fisk University for a collegiate course, after which she will devote her talents to the education of the colored people of the south.”

On June 14, 1893, Comfort Baker became one of only four women in a class of fifteen to receive her diploma from Fisk University. For her commencement oration, she chose the poignant and timely topic, “Is Patriotism Declining?” representing her hometown of Omaha on the Nashville stage. The Omaha World-Herald celebrated “Miss Baker’s Success.” Her essay delivery was noted as being among the best on the program. Her mentor, Miss Belle H. Lewis (previously identified as Smith), even traveled from Omaha to Nashville to be there with her protégé as she graduated.

The Omaha press revealed that Comfort’s first professional leadership role was slated for the 1893-1894 school year. After teaching a summer school session in Newport, Arkansas, she was appointed principal of a large segregated school for the following year.

In 1896, Miss Baker came back to visit Omaha. A report from the Omaha Bee announced, “Since leaving the university she has engaged in teaching at Corsicana, Tex.” Located 60 miles from Dallas, Corsicana had a good-sized Black population when she got there. Originally reliant on the cotton industry, the community grew into oil and gas production around the time Miss Baker arrived. She might have been brought to Corsicana by fellow Fisk University graduate G.W. Jackson, who established the “Fred Douglas High School” there in the 1880s. This segregated school served Black students from Dallas before there was a school for them there.

Her visit in July 1896 was a major social event in North Omaha and was covered by a few newspapers in the city. There was reception for her at the fancy residence of white people Mr. and Mrs. W.H. Butler at California and 15th Streets, where local African American leaders like lawyer Silas Robbins and Rev. John Albert Williams delivered addresses in her honor. During her stay, she was a guest of Mrs. Silas Johnson at 2224 Paul Street and even paid a visit to the “Sentinel Sanctum,” the offices of the Afro-American Sentinel newspaper.

In July 1904, Comfort married Roy Krigbaum in Claremore, Oklahoma. Contrary to later reports that she had no children, the couple had a son, Oscar Krigbaum (1905-1991), who was born in Claremore. The marriage license from 1904 contains a curious detail: Comfort recorded her age as 19, although she was actually 35. An earlier This 16-year discrepancy suggests a deliberate personal reinvention as she began a family with the 23-year-old Krigbaum. While Oscar remained in the Oklahoma/Missouri area, his presence in the record proves that Comfort’s life was far more complex than the ‘childless educator’ narrative later presented in Arizona.

Moving to El Paso about a decade later, Ms. Baker was a “grade teacher” at the Frederick Douglass Grammar and High School, the “Negro school” for El Paso’s segregated public schools. Even as she was becoming a veteran educator in Texas, Comfort never severed her ties to Omaha. In June 1912, she went back to Omaha to participate in a high-profile “Negro Alumni Reunion” at the Alamo Hall, which once stood at 24th and Grant where the Dreamland Ballroom building is today. Standing with fellow graduates from as far back as 1876, “Comfort Baker, class of 89” was honored as a living testament to the success of the city’s early Black students.

A seasoned educator and mother, she was listed as a seventh and eighth grade teacher in 1914, and remained with the district until 1917. She taught in Texas for more than two decade.

The Rest of Her Life

At the end of the school year, on June 14, 1917, Comfort Baker married Rev. Allen C. Caldwell (1863-1938) of Douglas, Arizona.

With a church in the Mexican border town, Rev. Caldwell moved his new bride back to town. With Buffalo soldiers stationed at the nearby Fort Huachuca, Douglas had a substantial Black population. A year later, they lived in Phoenix. There, Rev. Caldwell became pastor of the Lucy Phillips Colored Methodist Episcopal Church (CME), aka the Phillips Temple. The couple lived in the church parsonage next door at 112 South 7th Street.

“She and her husband are gone but cannot be forgotten. Although they had no children of their own, they were guiding lights in the lives of many boys and girls with problems of life.”

—Arizona Sun, May 27, 1949

In an obituary from the Arizona Sun newspaper, the writer said Mrs. Baker Caldwell taught for a total of 51 years, with 24 years in Texas and 21 years in Phoenix. Mrs. Caldwell was the first African American teacher at Phoenix Union High School District.

Records and reports show that Mrs. Caldwell attended a variety of higher education institutions throughout her career, always focused on teaching and improving education, including the University of Southern California and the University of Arizona in Tucson.

In 1918, the year that she arrived in Phoenix, 1918, Mrs. Caldwell established the “Department for Colored Students” in the Phoenix Union High School District. She was the only teacher for the students. In the following years as white supremacy became more powerful in Phoenix, African American students were moved into into two small cottages separated from the main high school campus, and their school was renamed the Phoenix Union Colored High School. After teaching American history, algebra, geometry, Latin, civics, and penmanship for several years as the student population grew, Mrs. Caldwell’s successes led the district to build a new building for the school in 1925, and she was named the first principal. According to another history website, “it was the only high school in the state built explicitly for the segregation of African Americans.”

After her husband died in 1938, she became a prominent member of Tanner Chapel A.M.E. Church, where her funeral services were later held. Mrs. Caldwell retired in 1940.

Remembering Comfort

Mrs. Comfort Baker died on June 5, 1946, in Phoenix, Arizona, and is buried next to her husband. When she died, Mrs. Caldwell left her home at 1418 East Washington Street in Phoenix to the Phillips Temple CME Church.

In her lifetime, Mrs. Comfort Baker Caldwell was…

• The first African American female graduate of Omaha Public Schools (1889)
• A primary contributor to El Paso’s Frederick Douglass School (1914–1917)
• The first African American teacher in Phoenix Union High School District (1918)
• The first principal of the Phoenix Union Colored High School (1925)
• The first African American principal in Phoenix Union High School District (1925)
• The founder of the only de jure segregated school for Black students in Phoenix history.

As of 2022, Comfort Baker Caldwell has not been acknowledged officially in Omaha for her accomplishments. There is no historical plaque, designation, or honor to her name anywhere in the city.

You Might Like…

• A History of Segregated Schools in Omaha, Nebraska
• A History of African American Firsts in Omaha

Elsewhere Online

• Comfort Baker Caldwell on findagrave.com
• “Our School,” official George Washington Carver High School history
• “Classes for Black students at Phoenix Union High School in 1921, before Carver,” History Adventuring